Europe and Russia pp. 2-7

1. Location

-Europe and Russia and the United States have similar climates, latitudes and ocean coast.

2. Place

-Europe is smaller than the United States however, together with Russia they are over twice the size

of the United States.

-most of Europe's population is dense: Most of Russia's population is sparse

3. Region

-Russia has a continental climate and is mostly in the high latitudes. Europe has a marine climate and is mostly in the middle latitudes. Europe has a warmer climate with more precipitation than does Russia

-Because of its size, Russia could politically control most of Eastern Europe

4. Interaction

-people of Europe and Russia live differently because of the variety of climates in those areas

5. Movement

-transportation and population effect each other

Land and Water pp. 9-15, 24-29

6. Zuyder Zee

-Netherlands project to reclaim agricultural land from the North Sea

7. Polder

-pasture land which once was under the North Sea

8. Eurasia-

-refers to the continent of Europe and (Northern) Asia

-largest landmass on earth

-Russia is 1/4 in Europe and 3/4 in Asia

-most of Russia's population, industry and politics are in Europe

9. Peninsulas

-area of land with water on three sides

-Europe is a "peninsula of peninsulas"

-the ocean is very important to Europe

10. Northwest Highlands

-located in the Scandinavian region of Europe

-forests with little agricultural land

11. Fjord

-scenic flooded mountain valleys

-tourist attraction along the Norwegian coast

12. North European Plain

-covers most of Europe

-very productive agricultural region of Europe

-includes densest region of population

13. Central Uplands

-located on the Iberian Peninsula

-area of mountains and plateaus

-grazing, herding and mining

14. Alpine Mountains

-science central European mountain range

-tourist attraction

15. Ural Mountains

-small mountain range which separates Europe and Asia

16. Siberia

-Asian region of Russia

-largest plain in the world

-cold climate

-rich with natural resources

17. Lake Baikal

-deepest lake in the world

-1/5 of all the fresh water in the world

-effects the climate of the area around it

18. Volga River

-longest river in Europe

-major transportation route of Russia

19. Danube River

-major transportation route of Eastern Europe

Climate and Vegetation pp.

Land and Water pp. 16-21

20. North Atlantic Current

-a warm ocean current which brings warm air and water from the Caribbean towards Europe

-creates a mild climate for the European continent

21. Continental Climate

-climate which is influenced by latitude

22. Marine Climate-

-climate which is influenced by ocean currents

Natural Resources pp. 24-29

23. Oil

-North Sea Oil

24. Forests

-Black Forest of Germany

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Read pages 72-79 before beginning Chapter 4

1. Euro-

-many Europe  

an nations united to create one money system

Great Britain (pp. 48-53 & 97-103)

2. Tower of London-

-historical sight in London

-where the crown and jewels of the Royal Family are on display

3. Buckingham Palace-

-home of the British monarch

-famous for the Changing of the Guards

4. Tower Bridge-

-famous bridge in London which spans the Thames River

-often mistaken for the famous London Bridge

5. Big Ben-

-famous clock tower attached to the Parliament Building

6. Parliament-

-lawmaking body of Great Britain

-House of Commons (elected) and House of Lords (birthright)

-Prime Minister elected from the majority party

7. Constitutional Monarchy-

-system of government which greatly limits the power of the monarch

-monarch retained as Head of State and for ceremonial duties

8. Chunnel-

-tunnel under the English Channel connecting Great Britain and France

9. Stonehenge-

-ancient landmark probably used as a calendar

10. Cricket-

-game which originated in Great Britain

11. Irish Republican Army (IRA)-

-Irish terrorist organization that would like to see Northern Ireland become part of the Republic of Ireland

12. Golf-

-game which originated in Scotland

13. Bagpipes-

-traditional musical instrument of Scotland

14. Kilts-

-traditional types of Scottish clothing

-kilts contained a pattern of plaid the was unique to each family

15. Loch Ness Monster-

-fictional (?) sea monster located in one of the deep Scottish lakes

France (pp. 43-44 & 104-111)

16. Chartres and Notre Dame Cathedrals-

-built in France during the later Middle Ages in the Gothic style of architecture

17. Eiffel Tower-

-designed by Alexander Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World's Fair

-at the time it was the tallest structure on earth

18. Arc de Triomphe-

-built by Napoleon to commemorate France's war victories

19. Champs Elysees-

-famous avenue in Paris containing French shops, stores and cafes

20. Louvre-

-famous museum in Paris

-contains many great works of art created by artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt

-characterized by a glass pyramid, designed by great U.S. architect I. M. Pei, where the modern art

is displayed

21. Centre Pompidou

-a futuristic designed museum for art and culture in Paris

-also called Beaubourg

-named after President Georges Pompidou and completed in 1978

22. Cafe-

-sidewalk cafes made famous in France (Paris)

23. Versailles-

-former residents of the Kings of France

-where treaty to end World War I was signed

Sweden and the Scandinavian Countries (pp. 9-15 & 114-120)

24. Fjords-

-flooded mountain valleys along the Norwegian coast

-tourist attraction for scenic cruises

25. Lapland-

-area of northern Scandinavia

-people live traditional lives by herding reindeer

26. Mid-Atlantic Ridge-

-mountain range, underwater of the Atlantic Ocean

-volcanic

-some mountain peaks extend above the water level creating islands (like Iceland)

Italy and Mediterranean Europe (pp. 32-37, 40-43 & 120-126)

27. Athens-

-cultural center of Ancient Greece

-where citizenship and democracy began

-great influence on modern society

28. Parthenon-

-symbol of Ancient Greece

-built for the Greek Goddess Athena

29. Greek Architecture-

-Doric: plain

-Ionic: scrolled

-Corinthian: ornate (full of design)

30. Olympic Games-

-began in 776 B.C.

-held every four years (an Olympiad)

-very important Greek event

31. Rome-

-began as a small city but developed into a great empire which conquered nearly all of Europe

-influences modern society

32. Colosseum-

-symbol of Ancient Rome

-huge area where cruel battles took place in front of huge crowds

-gladiators fought each other as well as animals to the death

33. Forum-

-large meeting area in the center of Rome

-contained market area, temples to worship the gods and goddess and government buildings

34. Circus Maximus-

-huge U-shaped stadium in Rome; held over 200,000 people

-where great chariot races were held

35. Aquaducts-

-built to carry water over long distances to major cities of the Roman Empire

36. Pompeii-

-wealthy trading city on the Italian Peninsula

-destroyed when Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79 A.D.

37. Vatican City-

-area inside the city of Rome, controlled by the Catholic Church

-where the Pope and other important religious officials live

-is an actual country

38. Venice-

-Roman city which uses canals rather than roads

-people travel by boats or gondolas

-recently is having problems with buildings sinking

39. Leaning Tower of Piza-

- bell tower build in 1173

-became famous when one corner began to sink

-appears to be defying gravity as it leans 17 feet out of line

40. Bullfighting-

-national sport of Spain

-matadors can become rich and famous

Germany and Central Europe (pp. 9-15 & 127-133)

41. Berlin Wall-

-barrier of concrete and barbed wire built in 1961 to stop people from leaving communist East Berlin for democratic West Berlin

-became symbol of the lack of freedoms in communist "eastern" countries

-torn down after the reunification of Germany in 1990

42. Iron Curtain-

-barrier constructed between Eastern and Western Europe

-first torn down in Hungary (1989) and eventually in all of Europe

43. Octoberfest-

-famous German (Bavarian) celebration of the harvest

-traditions: beer making, polkas (dancing and music with accordion), food (bratwurst, sauerkraut, vienershnitzel)

44. Classical Music-

-Germany and Austria are famous for the many classical composers which came from that area

45. Holland-

-western region of the Netherlands

-sometimes mistakenly used to describe the entire country

-region nearest the North Sea

46. Dutch-

-name referring to the people of the Netherlands

47. Tulips-

-agricultural product of the Netherlands

48. Zuyder Zee Project-

-series of levies, dikes and pumps designed to create agricultural land from the North Sea

-long term project

49. Polder-

-agricultural land which was once under the North Sea

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Impejkial Russia (pp. 54-65)

1. Nicholas II-

-last czar of Russia

-he and his family were executed during World War I

2. Vladimir Lenin

-leader of the Russian Revolution

-set up a communist government in Russia

3. Communism-

-theory that all the people should own business and farms

-developed into system of government which does not allow for individual freedoms

4. Joseph Stalin-

-took over Russia after the death of Lenin

-abused power

5. Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

-U.S.S.R.

-country which led the communist world until a revolution in 1991

-country was centered around Russia and fourteen other republics

-republics now have independent governments and are independent nations

6. Cold War-

-created by the fundamental differences between democracy and communism

-began after World War II

7. Satellite Nations-

-eastern European nations who's governments were administered by the Soviet Union.

-communists governments have recently been replaced by free elections.

8. Mikhail Gorbachev-

-took over as communist leader of U.S.S.R. in 1985

-brought changes of freedom for people

9. Glasnost-

-Russian for "openness"

-policy which allowed for free speech, free press, and artistic expression

10. Perestroika-

-Russian for "restructure"

-policy which allowed for small-scale free-enterprise

11. Chechnya-

-Russian republic which declared itself independent from Russia

-the fighting caused many to flee their homes.

Poland (pp. 138-145)

12. Solidarity-

-labor movement of ship yard workers in Poland

-wanted to gain freedom for workers

-Lech Walesa was leader and eventual President of Country

13. John Paul II-

-present Pope of the Roman Catholic Church

-influential religious leader

-from the county of Poland

Czechoslovakia

14. Velvet Revolution-

-name given to revolution in Czechoslovakia that got rid of the communist government

-named velvet because there was no war or killing

-"Velvet Divorce" refers to the peaceful split of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and

Slovakia

Bosnia-Herzegovina (pp. 146-151 & 172-173)

15. Ethnic Groups-

-groups of people with the same culture

16. Yugoslavia-

-former communist country

-ethnic fighting began when communist government was replaced

17. Marshal Tito-

-communist leader of Yugoslavia that brought several ethnic groups under his governments control

-stressed the similarities Yugoslavians had rather than different

-used violence to united people if necessary

18. Kosovo-

-province of Serbia (part of former Yugoslavia)

-90 percent of people are Albanian

-Serbian and Kosovo soldiers have been fighting a war to control the province

19. Ethnic Cleansing-

-one ethnic group forcing another ethnic group out of an area.

-accomplished by killing, imprisoning, and forcing people from their homes.

20. U.N. Peacekeeping Force-

-armed fighters sent by the United Nations to sure the fighting between Serbs and Albanians does not

continue

-made up of troops from many different nations (including United States)

-have come under attack in the past

21. Zlata Filipovic-

-teenage girl from Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina

-became well known for the diary she kept during that countries civil war

Ukraine (pp. 154-160)

22. Chernnozem-

-rich black soil excellent for growing crops

-Ukraine is very agriculturally productive "breadbasket of Europe"

23 Chernobyl-

-Soviet nuclear power plant which had a "melt down"

-worst nuclear accident ever

-caused many to die instantly and thousands more to die slow deaths by radioactive poisoning

-cost millions of dollars in last agriculture across Europe

-much land is still evacuated today

Russia (pp. 161-171)

24. Kremlin-

-old group of palaces (built by Peter the Great) which serve as the seat of Russian government

25. Red Square-

-area just outside Kremlin walls

-used for political celebrations

-surrounded by Russian (and Soviet) landmarks

26. St. Basil's Cathedral-

-famous Eastern Orthodox cathedral in Red Square

-features the traditional "onion" shaped domes

27. G.U.M.-

-old soviet owned department store

-was one of the few places where soviet citizens were able to get everything they needed.

-operating today with free-enterprise

28. Trans-Siberian Railroad-

-built from Leningrad to Vladivostok

-crossed difficult geographic areas of Siberia

29. Caviar-

-an expensive gourmet delicacy, of sturgeon (fish) eggs

-overfishing and pollution have caused sturgeon populations to become almost nonexistent around the

world except Russia.

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